Cognitive Function and Affective Regulation in Meditators

This is a prospective cohort study with 52 meditators and 52 controls. These groups will be contacted at a singular timepoint, during which they will take surveys and cognitive tests, which will be used to assess cognitive and emotional outcomes. The meditator group will be recruited from a pool of healthy individuals who have learned meditation practices such as those taught by the Isha Foundation (e.g., Shambhavi Mahamudra Kriya, Shoonya, Samyama breath-watching, etc.) Meditation-naïve individuals will be recruited into the control group.

This is a prospective cohort study with 52 meditators and 52 controls. These groups will be contacted at a singular timepoint, during which they will take surveys and cognitive tests, which will be used to assess cognitive and emotional outcomes. The meditator group will be recruited from a pool of healthy individuals who have learned meditation practices such as those taught by the Isha Foundation (e.g., Shambhavi Mahamudra Kriya, Shoonya, Samyama breath-watching, etc.) Meditation-naïve individuals will be recruited into the control group. Despite allocation to 2 separate cohorts, both groups will be subjected to identical questionnaires and tasks at the singular timepoint. Further, none of the above practices are being taught by the study team. Rather, the investigators are only looking to study the effects of the aforementioned practices on participants through validated survey questionnaires and cognitive tasks. Study Procedure: Following e-consent and enrollment into the study, participants are asked to complete electronic surveys and cognitive tasks. These will either be completed virtually on the participants' own device or on a BIDMC-approved device brought to the participant by the study team. (Further details on the remote administration of surveys and cognitive tasks explained below) Questionnaire: The following questionnaires are incorporated into the study and will be administered to the study participants at a single timepoint. Demographic, medical history, past meditation experience, and habits: Collects demographic details (age, ethnicity, gender, education/employment, marital status, number of children, country of residence), meditation exposure and duration of practice, past cognitive training, alcohol use, and smoking. Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ): This survey aims to collect information on a person's thoughts after having experienced a negative event. Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Comprises two mood scales measuring positive affect and negative affect. Participants respond to a 20-item test using a 5-point scale that ranges from very slightly or not at all (1) to extremely (5). Scores can range from 10-50 for both the Positive and Negative affect with lower scores representing lower levels of affect and higher scores representing higher levels of affect. Four-Item Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-4) for Anxiety \& Depression: Assesses anxiety and depression. Scores range from 0-12 with subscales for anxiety (items 1-2) and depression (items 3-4); scores greater than 3 on each subscale are considered positive. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): 10-question validated instrument that assesses stress. Participants are asked to rate on a scale of 0 (never) to 4 (very often) how often they agree with various statements. Items from each of the 10 questions are then summed to create a total perceived stress score. Please see the survey details in the attached "Study Questionnaire" attachment trial.show_full_description

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must be able to read and understand English. * Meditators: Participants must regularly practice meditation (4 or more times per week). * Controls: Participants must not regularly practice meditation (4 or more times per week) Exclusion Criteria: * Below the age of 18. * Participants not living in the US.